Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies for Electric Mobility – State-of-the-Art Scenario

 ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology; Accepted Date: May 13, 2021

Perspectives

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.1.2.10

Author(s): Nagmani, Debanjana Pahari, Ashwani Tyagi, Sreeraj Puravankara 

Abstract:

Rechargeable batteries are an integral part of all types of electric vehicles (EVs). Batteries must contain higher energy-power densities and longer cycle life to qualify for an EV system. Lead-acid batteries, Nickel-metal hydride batteries, and Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been employed as charge storage in EV systems to date. Lead-acid batteries and Nickel-metal hydride batteries were deployed in EVs by General Motors in 1996. However, the low specific energy in Lead-acid batteries (34 Whkg^-1) and high self-discharge (12.5% per day at r.t.) in Nickel-metal hydride batteries have marked these batteries obsolete in EV applications. LIBs currently occupy most of the EV market because of their high specific power (~130-220 Whkg^-1) and a low self-discharge rate (~5% per month). The current technological maturity and mass production in LIBs have reduced the overall battery cost by ~98% in the last three decades, reaching an average value of $140 kWh^-1 in 2021. Although a game-changer in battery technologies, LIBs encounter various challenges: high cost, low safety, less reliability, and immature infrastructure despite its environmental benignness. Overcharging and overheating of LIBs can cause thermal runway leading to fire hazards or explosion. Declining Li-resources also raise concerns regarding the reliability and shelf-life of LIB technology. Hence, a critical assessment of Li-ion chemistries is essential to comprehend the potential of LIBs in electric mobilities and to realize the prospects in EVs.

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